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在《紅樓夢》所塑造的形形色色的鮮明人物形象中,服飾對于表現一個人的個性,地位以及精神風貌都起著舉足輕重的作用。古典文學的服飾描寫最大的特點是其文化色彩十分濃厚,一個民族所熟知的服裝對異族文化背景下的人來說也許是聞所未聞,更何況《紅樓夢》所描寫的主人公們又是一群衣著打扮極其講究的貴族青年。如第三回“寶
黛初會”時對寶玉的服飾描寫:
頭上戴著束發(fā)嵌金紫金冠,齊眉勒著二龍戲珠金抹額,一件二色金百蝶穿花大紅箭袖,束著五彩絲攢花結長穗宮絳,外罩石青起花八團倭緞排穗褂。
這段描寫,使人讀了像看了彩色照片一樣有光彩奪目、眼花繚亂的感覺。其實寶玉的這身打扮,在明清兩代的實際生活中并不存在,只有在戲曲劇場上才能找到。曹雪芹把書中人物的服裝戲劇化,是為了“真事隱去”的政治目的,也是為了藝術裝點,使人物的服飾更為花團錦簇,增添美感。因為束發(fā)冠、抹額、箭袖、宮絳、朝靴等服飾在中國古典戲曲中經??梢姡袊x者對這些服飾并不陌生,可是怎樣才能將寶玉的這一形象準確而又生動的傳達給英文讀者呢?我們來看一下楊憲益和霍克斯的譯文:
楊譯:
He had on a golden coronet studded with jewels and a golden chaplet in the form of two dragons fighting for a pearl.His red archer's jacket,embroidered with golden butterflies and flowers, was tied with a coloured tasseled palace sash. Over this he wore a turquoise fringed coat of Japanese satin with a raised pattern of flowers in eight bunches.His court boots were of black satin with white soles.
霍譯:
The young gentleman who entered in answer to her unspoken question had a small jewel-encrusted gold coronet on the top of his head and a golden headband low down over his brow in the form of two dragons playing with a large pearl. He was wearing a narrow-sleeved,full-skirted robe of dark red material with a pattern of flowers and butterflies in two shades of gold.It was confined at the waist with a court girdle of coloured silks braided at regular intervals into elaborate clusters of knotwork and terminating in long tassels.
Over the upper part of his robe he wore a jacket of slate-blue Japanese silk damask with a raised pattern of eight large medallions on the front and with tasselled borders.
On his feet he had half-length dress boots of black satin with thick white soles.
首先從篇幅上看,楊譯明顯要簡短很多,因為霍譯多采用描述的方法,詳盡地描寫每件服飾的特點。如“箭袖”,是指便于射箭穿的窄袖衣服,與中國古代常見的寬袖長袍有別。楊譯archer's jacket是典型的直譯,但是這一直譯并不能使英文讀者明白“箭袖”是怎樣的一種服裝。而霍譯 narrow sleeved robe則意譯出了該服裝的主要特點。
再如“抹額”即束額巾,亦稱“抹頭”,是一種與束發(fā)冠同時佩戴的圍扎在額前用以壓發(fā)束額的首飾。而楊譯chaplet是指花冠串珠之類的飾物,英文讀者可能很難想象一個打扮講究的小伙子把chaplet戴在頭上的樣子。而霍譯headband則是在英美等國家中常見的一種扎在頭上的束發(fā)帶,能夠使讀者立刻產生與抹額相似的意象,這可以說
是歸化譯法中成功的一例。從這兩例可以看出,楊譯以原文為中心,盡量采取直譯的方法以達到簡潔和忠實的目的?;糇g則以目的語讀者為中心,使用歸化和意譯的方法比較多,因此他的譯文往往更容易被英文讀者接受。