考題實(shí)例：Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the bet

考題實(shí)例：Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. （1998）

宇宙彭漲說(shuō)雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推理。眾多天體物理學(xué)家七、八年來(lái)一直確信這一學(xué)說(shuō)是正確的。

（詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 被動(dòng)and）

考題實(shí)例：Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.（1998）

天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器及球載儀器，正越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。

( 結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換，and, 短語(yǔ))

 

在翻譯過(guò)程中，由于兩種語(yǔ)言在語(yǔ)法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣上的差異，我們有時(shí)必須改變?cè)哪承┰~語(yǔ)的詞類或句子成分才能有效地傳達(dá)出原文的準(zhǔn)確意思。譬如這樣一例：

This watch never varies more than a second in a month.這塊表一個(gè)月的誤差從不超過(guò)一秒。

英語(yǔ)中的vary（改變，不同）為動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)沒有這樣的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，所以只能將其轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞“誤差”。

英譯漢試題中有這樣一道題:

My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable.

此題的結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜，表語(yǔ)從句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)為：the complaint is inevitable. 不過(guò)，由于complaint的修飾成分過(guò)長(zhǎng)，我們不宜將the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it譯作“一代人對(duì)緊接它下來(lái)的下一代人的經(jīng)常的抱怨”，而是要對(duì)名詞complaint，代詞the one和進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，分別譯作動(dòng)詞“抱怨”和名詞“一代人”，同時(shí)省略代詞it，增添連接成分“這一點(diǎn)”，進(jìn)行這樣的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、增減和調(diào)整之后，譯文就出來(lái)了。

參考譯文：我的看法（觀點(diǎn)）是，一代人對(duì)下一代人常常抱怨，這一點(diǎn)是在所難免的。

再看下面這道試英譯漢試題：

Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties.

參考譯文：社會(huì)支持就是 以人際關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)的 人們之間的資源交換。

You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat.

此句中的give other passengers a quick glance不宜照字面譯作“給乘客們迅速的一瞥”；而要譯作“很快地瞅別的乘客一眼”，to assure them的賓語(yǔ)從句that you mean no threat，其中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞mean也需要進(jìn)行了詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。

參考譯文: 你很可能很快地瞅別的乘客一眼，打量他們一下，讓他們放心你毫無(wú)威脅的意思。

翻譯中的轉(zhuǎn)換變通技巧主要有詞類轉(zhuǎn)換和句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換兩種情況。

 

II．英譯漢的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換方法技巧

1.各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞

漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞使用頻率比英語(yǔ)高, 所以將英語(yǔ)各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是最常見的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換。如：Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.

住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。（英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有一個(gè)，漢語(yǔ)有5個(gè)。）

以下是常見的英語(yǔ)各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的情況。

1) The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.

看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，我感到心馳神往。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

3) Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said．

聽他一說(shuō)，房間里的每個(gè)人都大吃一驚。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

4) A force is needed to move an object against inertia.

為使物體克服慣性而運(yùn)動(dòng)，就需要一個(gè)力。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

5) Chemist that he is, Charles is suspicious of all doctors‘ prescription．

查爾斯是位化學(xué)家，所以他對(duì)任何大夫開的藥都懷疑。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

6) When the switch is off, the circuit is open and electricity doesn’t go through.

當(dāng)開關(guān)斷開時(shí)，電路就形成開路，電流不能通過(guò)。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

7) In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.

在這種情況下，爐溫就升高。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為動(dòng)詞）

2．各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞

1) Most U S spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth‘s atmosphere after completing their missions.

根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)，美國(guó)大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星要在完成使命后焚毀于大氣層中。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

2) The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.

設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于自動(dòng)操作，調(diào)節(jié)方便，維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)易，生產(chǎn)率高。（動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

3) The new contract would be good for ten years.

新的合同有效期為10年。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

4) In the fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.

在裂變過(guò)程中，裂變碎片具有強(qiáng)烈的放射性。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

5) He is physically weak but mentally sound.

他身體雖弱，但思想健康。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

6) Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined．

支持“天性”論的人堅(jiān)持說(shuō)，我們生來(lái)就具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)才能，這是由生物因素決定的。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

7) Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wavelength is much greater.

無(wú)線電波與光波相似，但無(wú)線電波的波長(zhǎng)要長(zhǎng)得多。（代詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

8) The specific resistance of iron is not so small as that of copper.

鐵的電阻系數(shù)不如銅的電阻系數(shù)那樣小。（代詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）

3．各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞

1) Given that they’re inexperienced，they‘ve done a good job.

鑒于他們沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，干成這樣真不錯(cuò)。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）

2) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.

學(xué)習(xí)中的獨(dú)立思考是絕對(duì)必須的。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）

3) Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.

地震與斷裂運(yùn)動(dòng)有密切的關(guān)系。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）

4) It is demonstrated that gases are perfectly elastic.

已經(jīng)證實(shí)，氣體具有理想的彈性。 （副詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）

5) The pressure inside equals the pressure outside.

內(nèi)部的壓力和外部的壓力相等。（副詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞）

4. 各種詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞

1) Below 4℃, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.

水在4度以下就不斷地膨脹，而不是不斷地收縮。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞）

2) Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.

只有研究這些材料的特性才能更好地利用它們。（形容詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞）

3) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.

我榮幸地通知您，您的請(qǐng)求已得到批準(zhǔn)。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為副詞）

4) The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.