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遣詞用字,恰如其分

發(fā)布時間: 2015-06-02 14:56:44   作者:etogether.net   來源: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)   瀏覽次數(shù):
摘要: 考題實例:Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be...
 
考題實例:Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived. (2001)將來完成時 被動語態(tài) 
72.兒童將與裝有個性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有個性內(nèi)置的計算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具,人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前休閑,屆時數(shù)字化時代就到來了。
1.英漢詞字對應(yīng)關(guān)系
1)詞字對等。這種情況多見于專有名詞,技術(shù)詞匯等,如:
Marxism = 馬克思主義
Aspirin = 阿斯匹林
激光 = laser
白血病 = leukemia
2)多種同義。這種情況在英漢翻譯中較為普遍,也即是同一個詞語有若干詞義完全一樣,但色彩意義不同的對應(yīng)詞,如:
wife: 妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、內(nèi)人……
president: 總統(tǒng)、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、會長、社長、校長……
3)一詞多義。這種情況在英漢翻譯中最為普遍,也即是同一個詞語有若干詞義不同的對應(yīng)詞,如:
cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿…...
carry: 搬、運(yùn)、送、提、拎、挑、擔(dān)、抬、背、扛、摟、抱、端、舉、夾、捧…..
4)交織對應(yīng)。這類情況在英漢翻譯中時有發(fā)生,也即是一組詞義相近的詞,根據(jù)不同的上下文,可以譯作對應(yīng)詞語中的任何一個,如英語中的say, speak, talk, tell與漢語的“說、講、談、訴”之間的關(guān)系:
5)無對等詞語。翻譯中的這種情況極少,偶有發(fā)生,一般用解釋或音譯的方式來解決英漢之間的對應(yīng)關(guān)系。
teenager: 十三至十九歲的青少年 (解釋)
prey: 被捕食的動物(解釋)
hacker黑客
2.詞義辨析
詞義辨析是遣詞用字的前提。一般來講,詞典給出的詞義解釋五花八門,無從定奪。在這樣的情況下,我們可以從四個方面來處理英語詞語的具體含義
1) 根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法辨別詞義
我們可以根據(jù)詞的前后綴,詞根、詞干來辨析詞義;如:
miniultrasonicprober = mini (微型的)+ ultra(超) +sonic (聲音的)+prober(探測器);即:微型超聲波金屬探傷儀
macrospacetransship = macro(巨型的)+ space (太空)+ trans (轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn))+ ship (船); 即: 巨型空間轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)飛船
pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis = pneumono (肺的) +ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (觀察儀器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano(火山的)+ coni- (塵埃) + osis (病癥);即:硅酸鹽沉著病,矽肺?。ㄒ环N礦工易染的?。?/div>
2) 根據(jù)指代關(guān)系辨別詞義
我們可以根據(jù)人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等來辨析詞義;如:
(1) He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.
他送約翰上大學(xué),巴望能讓兒子出類拔萃。
(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
健康比財富更重要,因為財富不能像健康那樣給人以幸福。(或: 因為后者不能像前者那樣給人以幸福。)
 
3) 根據(jù)上下文的語境或詞的搭配辨別詞義
語境分析是翻譯的重要手段,沒有一定的上下文,翻譯就無從著手。如下面一例:
Tension is building up.
根據(jù)不同上下文的具體情況,我們可分別將其譯作:
(1) 形勢緊張起來。
(2) 張力在增大。
(3) 電壓在增加。
(4) 壓力在增強(qiáng)。
(5) 血壓在增高。
(6) ……......
再如story一詞的翻譯:
(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.
(2) It is quite another story now.
(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.
(4) He‘ll be very happy if that story holds up.
(5) The girl’s story is one of the saddest.
(6) A young man came to Scotti‘s office with a story.
(7) …, but officials refused to confirm the story.
(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.
在不同的上下文中, 以上8個story在各句中分別具有8種不同的含義: (1) 事件; (2)情況; (3) 內(nèi)部信息; (4)說法; (5) 遭遇; (6) 案子; (7) 消息; (8) 報道。因此以上各句可分別譯作:
(1) 這場戰(zhàn)爭行將成為這一代人的最重大的事件。
(2) 現(xiàn)在的情況完全不同了。
(3) 有些沒讓參加那次會議的記者把內(nèi)情捅出去了。
(4) 如果這一說法當(dāng)真,那他就太高興了。
(5) 那個姑娘的遭遇算最慘的了。
(6) 一個年輕人來到斯科特的辦公室報案。
(7) 但官員們拒絕證實這條消息。
(8) 報道中對他的渲染減少了,不久就從美國電視上銷聲匿跡了。
 
4) 根據(jù)不同學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè)類型辨別詞義
(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.
車床應(yīng)安裝在堅實的底座上。 (機(jī)械)
(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.
眾所周知,堿與酸反應(yīng)生成鹽。 (化學(xué))
(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emitter, the base and the collector.
晶體管有三個電極,即發(fā)射極,基極和集電極。(電子)
(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.
AB線是三角形ABC的底邊。(數(shù)學(xué))
(5) The weary troops marched back to the base.
疲憊不堪的士兵列隊返回基地。(軍事)
(6) He is on the second base.
他在二壘。(體育)
練習(xí)
一、根據(jù)詞語搭配辨析詞義。以常見的形容詞good為例:
1. good saying名2. 言
3. good boy乖孩子
4. good child孝
5. good contract有效的合同6.
7. good debt有把握收回的債
8. good eggs新鮮的雞蛋
9. good eyesight正常的視力
10. good father慈父
11. good features漂亮的相貌
12. good friend摯友
13. good friend益友
14. good idea妙計
15. good investment可靠的投資
16. good joke有趣的笑話
17. good looks美貌
18. good luck鴻運(yùn)
19. good manners得體的舉止
20. good match佳偶、勁敵
21. good mother良母
22. good neighbor睦鄰
23. good reason充足的理由
24. good soil肥沃的土地
25. good teacher良師
26. good wife賢妻
二、根據(jù)上下文翻譯develop一詞:
1 His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (發(fā)生故障)
2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. (產(chǎn)生升力)
3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. (發(fā)明避雷針)
4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from observations.(得出論斷)
5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. (提出理論)
6 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. (提高能力)
7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. (培育新品種)
8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. (患上結(jié)核病)
9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.(開發(fā)資源)
10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.(開采礦床)
 
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